Carbon Quantum Dots for Energy Applications: A Review

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a class of carbon nanomaterials that have recently gained recognition as current entrants to traditional semiconductor dots. CQDs the desirable advantages low toxicity, environmental friendliness, cost, photostability, favorable charge transfer with enhanced electronic conductivity, and comparable easy-synthesis protocols. This review examines advancements in CQD research development, focus on their synthesis, functionalization, energy applications. Initially, various synthesis methods discussed briefly pros cons. Herein, first top-down including arc-discharge technique, laser ablation plasma treatment, ultrasound electrochemical chemical exfoliation, combustion were briefly. The later section presents bottom-up (microwave hydrothermal thermal pyrolysis, metal–organic framework template-assisted approach) waste-derived methods. next is focused applications supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, photovoltaics, hydrogen evolution reaction oxygen reaction. Finally, challenges future perspectives this exciting promising area presented.